For each of the following scenarios, use the chi-squared calculator to calculate the χ2 statistic, and report the result in APA style.
Males and females were observed outdoors on a day where the temperature was 14 °C (58 °F) to see who wore short sleeves and who wore long sleeves. Is there a significant difference between the genders?
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Short Sleeves | 11 | 6 |
| Long Sleeves | 10 | 14 |
People were asked if they were conservative, liberal, or neutral in their political leanings. Is there a significant difference between genders?
| Conservative | Liberal | Neutral | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 12 | 29 | 17 |
| Female | 3 | 5 | 41 |
People were asked about their paper recycling habits. Are there significant differences based on age?
| Age | Recycles Paper | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ↓ | Never | Seldom | Often | Always |
| 18-21 | 13 | 15 | 20 | 32 |
| 22-30 | 15 | 17 | 12 | 20 |
| 31-40 | 17 | 22 | 14 | 14 |
| 41-50 | 20 | 21 | 12 | 8 |